Q1 How is ‘Savikalpa’ perception different from ‘Nirvikalpa’ in the context of Pratyaksha Pramana?
a) Less clear
b) Determinate
c) Based on inference
d) Past-oriented
Answer: b) Determinate
Explanation: ‘Savikalpa’ refers to determinate or conceptual perception, where an object is perceived with particularity, categorized, or identified based on its attributes, distinguishing it from ‘Nirvikalpa’ or indeterminate perception.
Q2 According to the Nyaya school, what is required for Pratyaksha Pramana to occur?
a) Distance between the object and sense organ
b) Direct contact between sense organ and its object
c) Previous knowledge of the object
d) Interpretation of scriptures
Answer: b) Direct contact between sense organ and its object
Explanation: For Pratyaksha Pramana, or valid knowledge through perception, the Nyaya school posits that there must be a direct contact between the sense organ and its corresponding object.
Q3 Which philosophical system contrasts the Nyaya’s reliance on Pratyaksha Pramana by asserting that all knowledge is illusory?
a) Buddhism
b) Jainism
c) Mimamsa
d) Charvaka
Answer: a) Buddhism
Explanation: Some schools of Buddhism, especially the Madhyamaka, posit a more radical skepticism, arguing that all knowledge, including that gained through direct perception, is empty or illusory in nature, challenging the absolute reliance on Pratyaksha Pramana.
Q4 What is a unique feature of Pratyaksha Pramana in the context of the Yoga school of Indian philosophy?
a) Exclusion of mental perception
b) Emphasis on supernatural perception
c) Disregard for sensory perception
d) Inclusion of intuitive knowledge
Answer: d) Inclusion of intuitive knowledge
Explanation: The Yoga school extends the concept of Pratyaksha Pramana to include not just sensory knowledge but also intuitive knowledge attained through yogic practices, recognizing a form of ‘inner perception.’
Q5 Which theory of error is proposed by the Nyaya school to explain erroneous perception?
a) Anyathakhyati
b) Akhyati
c) Anirvachaniyakhyati
d) Atmakhyati
Answer: a) Anyathakhyati
Explanation: The Nyaya school advocates the Anyathakhyati theory of error, which states that error arises from misperceiving one thing as another, real entity; it’s not an illusion but a confusion between two real entities.
Q6 How is ‘Savikalpa’ perception different from ‘Nirvikalpa’ in the context of Pratyaksha Pramana?
a) Less clear
b) Determinate
c) Based on inference
d) Past-oriented
Answer: b) Determinate
Explanation: ‘Savikalpa’ refers to determinate or conceptual perception, where an object is perceived with particularity, categorized, or identified based on its attributes, distinguishing it from ‘Nirvikalpa’ or indeterminate perception.
Q7 According to the Nyaya school, what is required for Pratyaksha Pramana to occur?
a) Distance between the object and sense organ
b) Direct contact between sense organ and its object
c) Previous knowledge of the object
d) Interpretation of scriptures
Answer: b) Direct contact between sense organ and its object
Explanation: For Pratyaksha Pramana, or valid knowledge through perception, the Nyaya school posits that there must be a direct contact between the sense organ and its corresponding object.
Q8 Which philosophical system contrasts the Nyaya’s reliance on Pratyaksha Pramana by asserting that all knowledge is illusory?
a) Buddhism
b) Jainism
c) Mimamsa
d) Charvaka
Answer: a) Buddhism
Explanation: Some schools of Buddhism, especially the Madhyamaka, posit a more radical skepticism, arguing that all knowledge, including that gained through direct perception, is empty or illusory in nature, challenging the absolute reliance on Pratyaksha Pramana.
Q9 What is a unique feature of Pratyaksha Pramana in the context of the Yoga school of Indian philosophy?
a) Exclusion of mental perception
b) Emphasis on supernatural perception
c) Disregard for sensory perception
d) Inclusion of intuitive knowledge
Answer: d) Inclusion of intuitive knowledge
Explanation: The Yoga school extends the concept of Pratyaksha Pramana to include not just sensory knowledge but also intuitive knowledge attained through yogic practices, recognizing a form of ‘inner perception.’
Q10 Which theory of error is proposed by the Nyaya school to explain erroneous perception?
a) Anyathakhyati
b) Akhyati
c) Anirvachaniyakhyati
d) Atmakhyati
Answer: a) Anyathakhyati
Explanation: The Nyaya school advocates the Anyathakhyati theory of error, which states that error arises from misperceiving one thing as another, real entity; it’s not an illusion but a confusion between two real entities.
